The Relationship Between Tensile Strength, Elongation, & Modulus
Tensile strength, elongation, and modulus are three key physical properties of rubber and polyurethane materials that greatly impact their performance and suitability for different applications. These properties are used as qualifications during the specification of materials and as control criteria during the testing of finished products.
Tensile Strength
Tensile strength refers to the amount of force required to pull a material to the point of breaking. This test is performed by placing a dumbbell-shaped specimen between the jaws of a tensometer and steadily pulling the jaws apart until the specimen breaks. The resulting force at the point of failure is known as ultimate tensile strength and is expressed in psi or MPa.
The tensile strength of various materials can vary greatly, with human hair having a tensile strength of around 10 MPa and 60 Shore A EPDM having a similar tensile strength of 10 MPa. A 70 Shore D Cast Urethane has a higher tensile strength of approximately 45 MPa, while stainless steel has a much higher tensile strength of 860 MPa.
Elongation
Elongation measures the change in length of a material when subjected to tensile force. This test is performed in a similar manner as the tensile strength test, with the elongation being expressed as a percentage of the original length. The ultimate elongation refers to the change in length from the original length to the point of breaking.
Modulus
Modulus is the force at a specific elongation value, commonly expressed in psi or MPa. The most widely used value for comparison purposes is at 100% elongation, known as “M100” or modulus 100. Generally, materials with higher durometer have a higher modulus.
While it is important to know a material’s ultimate tensile strength, the modulus data is often even more crucial when comparing materials for a specific application. Parts in applications typically function between the M10 and M25 range of the tensile curve, rather than at the higher end of the curve. If parts were designed to function close to ultimate tensile strength, frequent failures could occur when used under extreme conditions.
Tensile strength, elongation, and modulus are important physical properties of rubber and polyurethane materials that must be taken into consideration when choosing materials for specific applications. Understanding these properties and their values is critical to making informed material selection decisions.
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Real Life Test
The relationship between tensile strength, elongation, and modulus is put to the test in this video of a rubber sheet being run over by a truck on rocks. This video showcases the strength and durability of the rubber material and its ability to withstand harsh conditions. The tensile strength of a material is a measure of the force required to pull it apart, while elongation refers to the change in length of a material when subjected to tensile force. Modulus is the force at a specific elongation value, which is used to compare materials for a specific application. This video provides a practical demonstration of the interrelated physical properties of rubber, and how they determine the material’s suitability for various applications. Understanding these properties is crucial in making informed material selection decisions, as it helps predict the material’s performance under different conditions.
Other rubber physical Properties:
Durometer is a widely used term in the field of materials science that pertains to the standardized method of evaluating the hardness of various materials such as rubber (elastomers) and plastics. This measurement of hardness is a significant aspect of materials science as it helps determine the physical properties of a material and how it will behave in varying conditions. Having an understanding of the hardness of a material helps engineers and designers make informed decisions when selecting materials for specific applications.
